IMU是10g引入的一项新技术,并且是Oracle的专利技术。但是,在10g中似乎没有完全激活,以下的测试在2.0.3中无法通过,在11g中可以进行。
在传统的事务更新过程中,如果一条数据记录被更新,就会从buffer cache中读取/分配一块UNDO数据块,并且立即会写入一条UNDO条目。如果同一个事务中有多条记录被更新,则undo buffer数据块中就会写入多条undo条目。引入IMU后,会从shared pool中分配出一个新的内存池——IMU pool。当一条数据记录被更新,仍然会从buffer cache中读取/分配一块undo数据块,但是,这块undo块并不会立即被更新,而是会在IMU pool中产生一个IMU node,IMU节点通过IMU map与数据记录更新对应。如果事务中有多条记录被修改,则IMU pool中就生产多个IMU nodes,而buffer中的undo block不会发生任何变化。当发生IMU commit或IMU flush时,才会通过IMU map将这些IMU node记录的undo信息写入undo buffer block中。并且,所有这些redo信息会和commit vector一起作为一个Redo条目写入Redo log中。整个过程中UNDO所产生的redo信息则大大减少。
隐含参数_in_memory_undo用于控制IMU特性的开关,可以在会话/系统级立即生效,默认为true。另外一个隐含参数_IMU_pools则控制IMU pool的数量,默认为3。此外,目前IMU的使用还存在一些限制,如undo管理方式(undo_management)必须为auto,在RAC中无效,
SQL代码
--建立测试表、数据
HELLODBA.COM>create table ttt (a number, b varchar2(20));
Table created.
HELLODBA.COM>begin
2 for i in 2000 loop
3 insert into ttt values (i, ''||i);
4 end loop;
5 commit;
6 end;
7 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
HELLODBA.COM>select a
2 from (select a, dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(ROWID) block_id, lag(dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(ROWID)) over (order by rowid) as pre_block_id from ttt)
3 where block_id != pre_block_id;
A
----------
1124
1643
1
IMU Commit
让我们看下IMU commit与传统事务commit时产生的redo size的变化。首先看传统模式下,
SQL代码
HELLODBA.COM>conn demo/demo@ora11
Connected.
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set "_in_memory_undo"=false;
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>update ttt set b='X' where a=1124;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# and b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 4
redo size 1600
IMU commits 0
HELLODBA.COM>update ttt set b='Y' where a=1643;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# and b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 5
redo size 1960
IMU commits 0
HELLODBA.COM>update ttt set b='Z' where a=1;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# and b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 6
redo size 2320
IMU commits 0
HELLODBA.COM>commit;
Commit complete.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# and b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 7
redo size 2416
IMU commits 0
可以看到,每一条数据被update都产生一条redo 条目。
然后,我们激活IMU,再重复上述事务过程,
SQL代码
HELLODBA.COM>conn demo/demo@ora11
Connected.
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set "_in_memory_undo"=true;
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>update ttt set b='X' where a=1124;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# an
d b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 3
redo size 1084
IMU commits 0
HELLODBA.COM>update ttt set b='Y' where a=1643;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# an
d b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 3
redo size 1084
IMU commits 0
HELLODBA.COM>update ttt set b='Z' where a=1;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# an
d b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 3
redo size 1084
IMU commits 0
HELLODBA.COM>commit;
Commit complete.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# an
d b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 4
redo size 2176
IMU commits 1
可见redo数量并没有随着数据的更新而增加,而是在IMU commit时增加。而当1条DML语句更新多条记录时,也可以使用到IMU:
SQL代码
HELLODBA.COM>conn demo/demo@ora11
Connected.
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set "_in_memory_undo"=true;
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>update ttt set b='X' where a in (1643, 1124, 1);
3 rows updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# an
d b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 3
redo size 1084
IMU commits 0
HELLODBA.COM>commit;
Commit complete.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# an
d b.name in ('redo entries', 'redo size', 'IMU commits');
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
redo entries 4
redo size 2344
IMU commits 1
从上面的例子中你也许注意到了,尽管UPDATE过程中redo size没有变化,但是,在IMU commit时,redo size的变化却很大,比传统模式下的commit产生的redo大许多。这是因为在IMU commit中,不仅仅包含了commit vector,还包含了commit之前数据变化,并且这些redo数据的写入是一次批量写入。我们可以将这个redo条目dump出来观察其内容:
SQL代码
HELLODBA.COM>conn demo/demo@ora11
Connected.
HELLODBA.COM>set serveroutput on
HELLODBA.COM>var v_bt number;
HELLODBA.COM>var v_et number;
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set "_in_memory_undo"=false;
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=1 where rownum <= 1;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=2 where rownum <= 1;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=3 where rownum <= 1;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>begin
2 select current_scn into :v_bt from v$database;
3 dbms_output.put_line(''||:v_bt);
4 end;
5 /
6328064
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
HELLODBA.COM>commit;
Commit complete.
HELLODBA.COM>begin
2 select current_scn into :v_et from v$database;
3 dbms_output.put_line(''||:v_et);
4 end;
5 /
6328067
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
HELLODBA.COM>declare
2 v_log varchar2(2000);
3 v_sql varchar2(4000);
4 begin
5 select a.member into v_log from v$logfile a, v$log b where a.group#=b.group# and b.status='CUR
RENT' and rownum <= 1;
6 execute immediate 'alter system switch logfile';
7 v_sql := 'alter system dump logfile '''||v_log||''' SCN MIN '||:v_bt||' SCN MAX '||:v_et;
8 execute immediate v_sql;
9 end;
10 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
可以看到,在trace日志中,这一redo条目包含了多个change:
SQL代码
REDO RECORD - Thread:1 RBA: 0x0000c8.00000f0010 LEN: 0x046c VLD: 0x0d
SCN: 0x0000608ed4 SUBSCN: 1 11/16/2009 14:59:10
CHANGE #1 TYP:2 CLS: 1 AFN:4 DBA:0x010016cf OBJ:74952 SCN:0x0000602dc7 SEQ: 4 OP:19
KTB Redo
...
CHANGE #2 TYP:0 CLS:17 AFN:3 DBA:0x00c00009 OBJ:4294967295 SCN:0x0000608e9b SEQ: 2 OP:5.2
...
CHANGE #8 TYP:0 CLS:18 AFN:3 DBA:0x00c006f7 OBJ:4294967295 SCN:0x0000608ed4 SEQ: 2 OP:5.1
...
IMU Flush
IMU pool也是按照LRU算法管理的。当IMU pool没有足够空闲内存可分配时,会将buffer链上LRU段的buffer块flush出来。其他一些事件也会导致IMU flush的发生,如switch logfile、rollback。但是,尽管IMU pool是从shared pool中分配的,手动flush shared pool并不会导致IMU flush。当IMU flush发生时,也会将undo、redo数据批量写入。
SQL代码
HELLODBA.COM>conn demo/demo@ora11
Connected.
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set "_in_memory_undo"=true;
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=1;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=2;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=3;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$sysstat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# and b.name like '%IMU%';
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
IMU commits 320
IMU Flushes 159
IMU contention 19
...
13 rows selected.
HELLODBA.COM>alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$sysstat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# and b.name like '%IMU%';
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
IMU commits 320
IMU Flushes 160
IMU contention 20
13 rows selected.
Tips: 通过dump出事务的undo block,可以比较IMU commit/flush前后undo block的变化——commit/flush之前没有写入数据。
IMU CR
在传统事务中,需要进行一致性读时,会从相应的UNDO数据块中读入undo数据进行undo操作。而在IMU中,在发生IMU commit或IMU flush之前,这些undo数据并未写入UNDO数据块中,此时一致性读就从IMU pool中读取相应的IMU node中的undo信息。
SQL代码
--Session 1:
HELLODBA.COM>conn demo/demo@ora11
Connected.
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set "_in_memory_undo"=true;
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=1;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=2;
1 row updated.
HELLODBA.COM>update tt set x=3;
1 row updated.
--Session 2:
HELLODBA.COM>conn demo/demo@ora11
Connected.
HELLODBA.COM>alter system flush buffer_cache;
System altered.
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set tracefile_identifier=IMU_CR;
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set events '10046 trace name context forever, level 8';
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>select * from tt;
X
----------
3
HELLODBA.COM>alter session set events '10046 trace name context off';
Session altered.
HELLODBA.COM>select b.name, a.value from v$mystat a, v$statname b where a.statistic#=b.statistic# and b.name like '%IMU%';
NAME VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
...
IMU CR rollbacks 3
13 rows selected.
从trace文件可以看到,我们将buffer cache的内容都flush了,但是并未从undo文件中读取undo 信息(没有相应的IO等待)。
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